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The global health effects of climate change are not well quantified today and are likely to increase in the future, with lower-income countries bearing the brunt of greater food insecurity, increased rates of chronic respiratory illnesses, and shifts in vector-borne diseases. This section explores the global health nexus between climate change and pollution and the possibilities for a more coherent policy approach to these issues

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As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

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As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

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As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

0%

As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

0%

As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

0%

As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

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As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

4.71 Million

Deaths associated with bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide in 2021.

39.1 Million

Forecasted deaths directly attributable to AMR between 2025 and 2050.

0%

Rise in AMR mortality among adults aged 70 years and older between 1990 and 2021.

1.14 Million

Deaths directly caused by bacterial AMR globally in 2021.

0%

Pathogen-Antibiotic Combinations – Monitored combinations that showed increased resistance between 2018 and 2023.

1 in 6 Infections

Laboratory-confirmed bacterial infections worldwide in 2023 that were resistant to antibiotic treatment.

0%

Reduction by 2030 — Global target for reducing deaths associated with bacterial AMR.

169 Million

Forecasted deaths associated with AMR between 2025 and 2050.

8.22 Million

Projected annual deaths associated with bacterial AMR by 2050.

0%

Reduction in AMR-attributable deaths among children under five between 1990 and 2021.

 

1.91 Million

Projected annual deaths directly attributable to bacterial AMR by 2050.

$7 billion

As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

0%

85 Countries monitoring total national antibiotic sales.

US$1 Trillion Annually

Additional healthcare costs AMR could generate by 2050.

US$412 Billion Annually

Estimated cost of treating drug-resistant bacterial infections alone.

0%

Healthcare Facilities in low- and middle-income countries lacking basic water services in 2023.

1 in 3 Infections

Reported infections resistant to treatment in the South-East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean regions.

1 in 5 Infections

Reported infections resistant to treatment in the African region.

0%

20 Countries that allocated national budget resources for AMR plan implementation.

5–15% Per Year

Average annual increase in antimicrobial resistance rates.

0%

Healthcare Facilities with basic sanitation services.

4.95 Million Deaths

2019 baseline used to measure progress toward the global reduction target.

5–15% Per Year

Average annual increase in antimicrobial resistance rates.

0%

Target share of countries expected to achieve funded national AMR action plans by 2030.

US$1–3.4 Trillion Annually

Potential GDP losses linked to AMR by 2030.

US$443 Billion Annually

Potential workforce and productivity losses caused by AMR.

0%

49  Countries with fully costed, budgeted, implemented, and monitored AMR action plans.

US$100 Million

Catalytic funding commitment announced at the 2024 UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting.

178 Countries

Nations that had developed and endorsed multisectoral AMR National Action Plans by 2023.

0%

121 Countries reporting implementation of some elements of their AMR plans.

23+ Million Infections

Bacteriologically confirmed infections included in WHO’s 2025 GLASS report.

0%

Healthcare Facilities with basic waste management services.

92 Countries

Nations reporting a functional multisectoral AMR coordination mechanism in 2023.

0%

160 of 177 Countries with regulations governing antimicrobial sales and prescriptions for human use.

104 Countries

Nations that reported AMR surveillance data for 2023.

0%

Healthcare Facilities lacking basic hygiene services.

32,000

As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

32,000

As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

32,000

As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

32,000

As gold demand grows, Ghana’s rural families turn to riskier operations

2001
WHO Global Strategy on AMR

World Health Organization

First global AMR containment strategy. It laid the groundwork for international coordination, though without quantified targets or binding political follow-up mechanisms.

2014
1st Global Ministerial Conference on AMR

The Hague, Netherlands

First high-level ministerial conference on AMR. Elevated AMR as a One Health challenge and accelerated the creation of the 2015 Global Action Plan. Explicitly recognised in the UNGA 2024 Declaration.

2015
Global Action Plan on AMR (GAP)

World Health Assembly — WHO

Global technical framework adopted by the World Health Assembly. Established 5 strategic objectives and called on countries to develop multisectoral National Action Plans (NAPs). The foundation of all subsequent monitoring systems.

2016
1st UNGA Political Declaration on AMR

United Nations General Assembly

First time Heads of State and Government formally recognised AMR at the UN level. Endorsed the GAP as the global roadmap and catalysed the creation of the Interagency Coordination Group (IACG).

2019
AMR Multi-Partner Trust Fund (MPTF)

UN Quadripartite

Launch of the AMR Multi-Partner Trust Fund as the first multilateral catalytic financing vehicle. Supports implementation in low- and middle-income countries, but its scale remains insufficient relative to global needs.

2019
2nd Global Ministerial Conference on AMR — Noordwijk

Netherlands

Sustained ministerial momentum between the 2016 UNGA Declaration and the 2024 HLM. Strengthened multisectoral partnerships and One Health dialogue across health, agriculture, and environment ministries.

2022
3rd Global Ministerial Conference on AMR — Muscat

Oman

First significant shift toward quantified targets, paving the way for the UNGA HLM 2024. Introduced reduction targets for antimicrobials in agri-food systems and established the Access group antibiotic consumption target.

2023
Implementation Status — Global NAPs

WHO / TrACSS

Snapshot of real implementation status: a critical gap between countries that adopted national plans and those that actually execute them with dedicated budgets. WHA77 documented these gaps immediately before the 2024 UNGA process.

2024
UNGA HLM & Political Declaration on AMR

United Nations General Assembly

The most ambitious global political framework to date. First mortality target, catalytic financing commitments, biennial reviews, an Independent Panel, and a High-Level Meeting in 2029.

2024
Jeddah Commitments — 4th Global Ministerial Conference

Saudi Arabia
Translated the UNGA 2024 Declaration into concrete institutional actions: AMR One Health Learning Hub, Regional AMR Access and Logistics Hub, and confirmed Nigeria as host of the 2026 summit. Formalised biennial ministerial conferences.
2024
Regional Gaps in Resistance and Capacity

WHO GLASS Report 2025

The GLASS 2025 report confirms that resistance is not evenly distributed. South-East Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean lead in resistance rates, while Europe and the Americas show stronger diagnostic and surveillance capacity.

2025-2026
Updated Global Action Plan on AMR 2026–2036

WHO / Quadripartite — WHA79

WHA78 approved updating the GAP for discussion and adoption at WHA79 (May 2026). Aims to align the plan with UNGA 2024 targets, incorporate SMART indicators, and address domestic financing, access, and equity as emerging priorities.

June 2026
5th Ministerial Conference

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